Blood Grouping and Rh
Blood Group
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Blood Grouping (Blood Typing)
Blood grouping is a test used to determine a person’s blood type. It is essential for safe blood transfusions, pregnancy care, and organ transplantation.
1️⃣ ABO Blood Group System
The ABO system classifies blood into four main types based on antigens present on red blood cells:
Blood Group | Antigen on RBC | Antibody in Plasma |
|---|---|---|
A | A antigen | Anti-B |
B | B antigen | Anti-A |
AB | A and B antigens | None |
O | None | Anti-A and Anti-B |
Compatibility (Red Cell Transfusion)
Group O → Can donate to all groups (universal donor for RBCs)
Group AB → Can receive from all groups (universal recipient for RBCs)
2️⃣ Rh Factor (Rhesus System)
The most important Rh antigen is D antigen.
Rh positive (Rh⁺) → D antigen present
Rh negative (Rh⁻) → D antigen absent
Example blood types:
A⁺
B⁻
O⁺
AB⁻
Why Rh Is Important
Rh incompatibility can cause problems during pregnancy if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby.
It is critical for safe transfusions.
3️⃣ Why Blood Grouping Is Done
Before blood transfusion
During pregnancy
Before surgery
For organ donation
In emergencies
4️⃣ How the Test Is Done
A small blood sample is mixed with:
Anti-A serum
Anti-B serum
Anti-D serum
If clumping (agglutination) occurs, the corresponding antigen is present.